I ran into the same issue in my homelab running nextcloud with latest and MariaDB with latest. I know its stupid to use latest and just upgrade blindly but its not a critical system for me. I have now defined versions in the docker-compose file.
I went back to 10.5.11 for MariaDB. Ran the repair command, added the phone region setting and then turned of maintenance mode. Seems to work fine for me now.
Will have to use my good friend google and try to figure out how one should upgrade containers. Preferrably in way where you can easily revert everything. I feel like everytime I do it sometime can break and never work properly again. If it were a VM I could easily snapshot, but with docker containers im not sure how it should be done.