Need help configuring Caddy with Nextcloud and Notify Push

indicates your systems talk to each other over the internet. This is expected in case both are using public FQDN. in this case your caddy must trust your as a trusted proxy.

You could also shortcut the communication inside of your Docker system following the approach I described in Probably DNS help with NC Docker + Collabora + Wireguard tunnel. adding

will make all docker containers in network proxy to access cloud.mydomain.tld without the internet loop.

Maybe How to verify notify_push works correctly? helps with troubleshooting