In Debian security fixes generally get backported to the current version. Therfore the main version number of a package never changes within a Debian release. The relevant number in Debian to be sure you’re on the latest patch version of a package, is the one after the + sign. In this case 2.4.38-3+deb10u5
Also older versions of Apache weren’t affected by this particular bug. Therfore no patch was nededed for 2.4.38. See here for details…
Yes, otherwise apt should offer you a newer version. To be absolutley sure you have the newest version of a specific package installed, you could also use the Debian package search…