The Preview generation of jpg and png images is not done by (php-)imagick but php-gd instead. (more information here)
What is the output of:
[ "$(dpkg -l | awk '/php8.3-gd/{print $2}')" == "php8.3-gd" ] && echo "php-gd is installed" || echo "php-gd is NOT installed"
If it is not installed, run
sudo apt-get install php8.3-gd
and try again if jpg and png previews are generated then.
h.t.h.
Much and good luck,
ernolf