To anyone who comes across this in the future…
I was able to add ‘installed’ = True to a clean install config.php to at least regain access into the server. Unfortunately, I couldn’t get around an issue with the secret key for each user. I believe this is probably due to the different password salt or something in the newer config.php file.
Gaining access at least allowed me to get to the calendars and contacts to back them up. A rebuilt/fresh install still needs to be done but at least I was able to back up some of the apps I was using.