Probably aufs and the need to get docker to use device-mapper.
But first off how did you install docker as the standard debian repo isn’t very current.
Follow https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/debian/
Install docker
Then from the docker documentation get docker.d to use device-mapper rather than aufs.
mkdir /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d
nano /etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/execWithDeviceMapper.conf
Create like so (paste):
[Service]
ExecStart=
ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd --storage-driver=devicemapper -H fd://
Check the last line is correct by grep ExecStart /lib/systemd/system/docker.service
Just to check it is -H fd://
See how you go.