For the record, the entire upgrade process is logged in the Docker log for the app container.
At least if you’re using the micro-services image. You didn’t specify which Docker image you’re using.
Anyhow, I agree with what @ernolf said. You have a manually created table that has conflicts with your presumably active table.
The oc_authorized_groups_old is presumably the one that needs to go away.
Newer Nextcloud versions have become more strict about this to avoid problems.
If you search the forum you’ll find others that encountered similar situations and the resolution path. E.g. Update 28.0.6 -> 29.0.1 failed: InvalidArgumentException: Index name [...] collides with the constraint on table [...] - #2 by jtr
It’s possible the conflicting table(s) were even created years ago.