What Docker image are you using that requires a manual upgrade?
Please post your Docker Compose file.
EDIT: You appear to be using the micro-services Docker image. That image doesn’t use the Nextcloud Updater (and you typically would not use occ upgrade manually in it either). Can you detail a bit more how you typically are updating your Nextcloud container? That may provide some clues as to what went wrong here. GitHub - nextcloud/docker: ⛴ Docker image of Nextcloud
The entire upgrade will be visible in your Docker logs for the container + Nextcloud’s log during that time period. It may provide some hints if the container upgrade failed.